Governments increasingly provide subsidies for childcare and paid parental leave, but women continue to perform a disproportionate share of unpaid domestic and caregiving work.

Green Central Banking refers to central banks deliberately using their monetary policy instruments to incentivise climate-friendly market activities. For instance, targeted green lending programmes, targeted green bond purchase programmes, ""brown penalties"" (higher interest rates for pollution-intensive banks or businesses), lowering the financing rate for banks that offer collateral with a smaller carbon footprint, and mandatory disclosures of climate risks.

For the purposes of this debate, green central banking would support climate-friendly policies even at the expense of traditional monetary objectives such as targeting inflation rates, ensuring financial stability and market efficiency, as well as retaining neutrality of intervention.

The "Asian Values" discourse gained prominence in the 1990s, led primarily by leaders such as Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore) and Mahathir Mohamad (Malaysia). Proponents argued that Asian societies share a distinct set of values: such as filial piety, social harmony, collective well-being over individualism, and respect for authority, that are fundamentally different from Western liberal ideals.